There is an international quantum teleportation space race heating budget inn hotels up. Around the world, countries are investing time and millions of dollars into the technology, which uses satellites to beam bits of quantum information down from the sky and and could profoundly change worldwide communication.
This is not a maybe-sort-of-one-day quantum technology. budget inn hotels Quantum teleportation has been proven experimentally many times over and researchers are now eyeing the heavens as their next big leap forward. Most of what remains are the nuts and bolts engineering challenges (and some more money) before it becomes budget inn hotels a thing of the present.
Though it may be disappointing to hear, quantum teleportation is not about instantly sending a person or object between two places – this is no "Beam me up, Scotty," or "Bampf!" Instead, the technique involves the perhaps even freakier task of separating a subatomic particle from its quantum state.
"Once you disembody the state of one of particle, budget inn hotels you can then recreate the particle in remote copy," said physicist and computer scientist Charles Bennett of IBM, who co-authored the first paper on quantum teleportation in 1993.
Though the team's paper was purely theoretical at the time, scientists since then have done many experiments budget inn hotels teleporting particles over longer and longer distances. In the past year, a team from China and another in Austria set new records for quantum teleportation, using a laser to beam photons through the open air over 60 and 89 miles, respectively. This is many times farther than the previous record of 10 miles, set in 2010 by the same Chinese team . With scientists extending quantum teleportation to such distances, many are already considering the next step: zapping particles and information from an orbiting satellite to a relay station on Earth.
budget inn hotels If developed, quantum teleportation satellites could allow spies to pass large amounts of information back and forth or create unhackable codes. Should we ever build quantum budget inn hotels computers – which would be smaller and exponentially more powerful than modern computers, able to model complex phenomenon, rapidly crunch numbers, and render modern encryption keys useless – they would need quantum teleporters in order to be networked together in a quantum version budget inn hotels of the internet.
China plans to launch a satellite with a quantum teleportation experiment payload in 2016 and the European, Japanese, and Canadian space agencies are hoping to fund their own quantum teleportation satellite projects in the coming years. Conspicuously, the U.S. is far behind the pack because of a bureaucratic reshuffling that left quantum communication research experiments without government support budget inn hotels in 2008. Whoever loses this new competition could fail to capitalize on the promise of quantum communication altogether.
Let's say you have two entangled photons and you are measuring their polarization, or the direction in which they are oscillating. budget inn hotels If one photon has a vertical polarization, you know the other one is going to be exactly the same. The trouble is that quantum mechanics works on probability – before you measure a particle's polarization it is equally likely to be horizontal or vertical. According to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, particles exist in some strange simultaneous vertical/horizontal state until you make a measurement. With an entangled pair, you can just measure one particle, and no matter how far away the other one is from the first, it will instantly gain whatever property you measured.
"It's like two people play dice and they always get the same result; it's always random but they always get the same result," said physicist Rupert Ursin of the Austrian Academy of Sciences budget inn hotels in Vienna, who works with one team that set the recent distance record.
Of course, even with such dice, there's no way to compose a signal or transfer information. You could give your friend one die and tell him to stand in another room, agreeing beforehand on a binary system where rolling an even number means 0 and an odd number means 1. But because the outcome of each roll is random, all your friend would end up doing is sending you a haphazard string of zeroes and ones.
To send a controllable signal, you need quantum budget inn hotels teleportation. This requires three subatomic particles, say photons. Two of the photons are entangled with one another, budget inn hotels and the third contains the bit of information you want to send. For a simple example of how this works, let's say you place one photon from the entangled pair in L.A. and the other in New York.
In L.A., a scientist measures one of the entangled photons and the third particle at the same time. She doesn't find out their exact properties but just their relative ones – if they are the same or opposite one another – and the particles get destroyed during this measurement. Let's say she discovers that the particles are opposites and relays this information to her New York colleague. He then measures his entangled photon and knows that the opposite of that measurement is the bit of information he was meant to receive.
Another way to explain it involves a CIA-interrogation analogy that Charles Bennett, co-author of the first quantum budget inn hotels teleportation study, likes to use. Imagine that a woman named Alice who lives in Seattle has uncovered information that the CIA desperately needs to thwart an attack. The CIA wants to interrogate her and they need to be able to do it at their headquarters in Washington D.C. Trouble is, Alice doesn't want to come to D.C. and nothing will persuade her to do so. But the CIA happens to have a pair of magical twin agents named Romulus and Remus who always answer yes or no questions exactly the same way.
So the CIA sends agent Remus to Seattle, budget inn hotels not to interrogate Alice, but just to learn if she gets along with Remus. The two meet and get to know each other. Alice discovers that she hates Remus. Every question that she would have answered yes to in life, he answers no. So now all Remus has to do is tell his boss back at headquarters that his and Alice's answers are opposite. Now the CIA can simply question Romulus to get the information they need.
But just as Romulus and Remus started out together in D.C., quantum teleportation scientists usually don't have entangled budget inn hotels particle pairs just sitting around in two different locations. During an experiment, researchers will often generate an entangled pair in one place. They measure the state of one of the entangled particles and compare that to a third particle containing budget inn hotels the bit of data to be sent. They then use a laser beam to send the information about the particles' relative states, along with the second budget inn hotels entangled particle, to another location.
Because subatomic particles are sensitive and small, they're budget inn hotels liable to get lost, meaning budget inn hotels that experimenters have to be careful about their protocols. The first quantum teleportation experiments involved sending particles across budget inn hotels small spaces, on the order of inches. Eventually, researchers figured budget inn hotels out how to shoot a particle several budget inn hotels feet, and then hundreds of feet.
"Now we want to show that this kind of communication might be useful on a global scale," said physicist Anton Zeilinger of the University of Vienna, who led the Austrian budget inn hotels quantum-distance team. "The method of choice is to use quantum communication via satellite," he added, since photons can't travel very far in glass fiber without getting absorbed.
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